Cryopreservation tools and methods

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods for the cryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitor cells, comprising the steps of (a) contacting stem cells and/or progenitor cells with a cryopreservation medium, said cryopreservation medium comprising between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % of propylene glycol and between 1.0 w % and 10 w % of a sugar; and (b) slow-freezing said cells, thereby obtaining a frozen composition comprising said cells and said cryopreservation medium.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are tools and methods for the cryopreservation of cells,more particularly stem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof. Furtherprovided herein are cryopreservation media and the use thereof for thecryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process whereby cells, wholetissues, or any other substances susceptible to damage caused bychemical reactivity or time are preserved by cooling to sub-zerotemperatures. Bringing cells to such low temperatures can result indamage caused by the formation of ice during freezing. To avoid this,cryopreservation typically relies on coating the material to be frozenwith a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants or cryoprotectiveagents (CPAs). More particularly, prior to cryopreservation (CP), thematerial to be frozen is typically placed into a cryopreservationmedium, containing one or more CPAs. A commonly used CPA isdimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). However, DMSO is toxic, and even if the cellsare washed to remove the DMSO, it cannot be excluded that some remainsaround the cells.

Cryopreservation methods are critical in the context of stem celltherapy to allow cells that are harvested or cultured to be maintaineduntil use without loss of quality. A number of publications report sideeffects in patients receiving cellular transplants as a result of DMSOtoxicity. Other cryoprotectants have been investigated, but not one hascome out as effective as DMSO, in particular for slow freezingcryopreservation methods. Accordingly, the use of DMSO-basedcryopreservation media remain popular in use. Moreover it appears thatthe efficacy of the cryoprotectant may be dependent on the cell type.

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells which are able to renewthemselves through mitotic cell division and can differentiate intospecialized cell types. Stem cells have a wide (potential) applicationin the treatment of human and animal conditions. Stem cells are dividedinto different types based on their potency. Pluripotency refers to theability of a stem cell to differentiate into cells of any of the threegerm layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract,the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm(epidermal tissues and nervous system). The only natural pluripotentcells are embryonic stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)are obtained by artificial expression of certain genes in adult somaticcells which allows the cell to become pluripotent.

Multipotency describes stem cells which have the potential todifferentiate into multiple but limited cell types. A hematopoietic stemcell can differentiate into different blood cell types but not intocells of other organs such as brain or bone tissue. The increased levelof differentiation in multipotent cells, while limiting its therapeuticapplication to a disease of the corresponding cell type, is believed tolimit the risk of tumor formation.

There is a need for improved cryopreservation media and methods for thecryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitor cells, in particularfor slow-freezing cryopreservation methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are tools and methods for the cryopreservation of suchas but not limited to multipotent cells, and/or progenitor cellsthereof. More particularly provided herein are cryopreservation mediaand the use thereof for the cryopreservation of stem cells and/orprogenitor cells.

The application thus relates to the use of a cryopreservation medium forthe cryopreservation of stem cells or progenitor cells thereof, whereinsaid medium does not comprise dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or anarabinogalactan and comprises between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % of propyleneglycol. In particular embodiments said medium does not comprisedimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and comprises between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % ofpropylene glycol, and between 1.0 w % and 10 w % of one or more sugars.In further particular embodiments, the medium does not comprisedimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or an arabinogalactan and comprises between 4v/v % and 25 v/v % of propylene glycol, and between 1.0 w % and 10 w %of one or more sugars.

In particular embodiments, the medium comprises between 1.0 w % and 10 w% of one or more sugars selected from the list consisting of sucrose,maltose, and trehalose.

In particular embodiments, the cryopreservation medium envisaged hereincomprises between 1.0 w % and 10 w % of sucrose. In particularembodiments, the medium does not comprise serum. In particularembodiments, the medium envisaged for use herein further comprises serumalbumin, and/or hyaluronic acid.

The cryopreservation medium is envisaged to be of particular interest inthe cryopreservation of multipotent cells which are adult stem cellsselected from the group consisting of bone marrow, hematopoietic stemcells, skin stem cells, ocular stem cells, neural stem cells and cardiacstem cells.

In particular embodiments, the application relates to the use of acryopreservation medium for the cryopreservation of stem cells orprogenitor cells thereof, wherein said medium does not comprisedimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or an arabinogalactan and comprises between 4v/v % and 25 v/v % of propylene glycol and between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v% of sucrose.

The application further provides methods for the cryopreservation ofstem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof, comprising the steps of (a)contacting said stem cells and/or progenitor cells with acryopreservation medium, said cryopreservation medium comprising between4 v/v % and 25 v/v % of propylene glycol; and between 1.0 w/v % and 10w/v % of one or more sugars, preferably selected from sucrose, maltose,and trehalose; wherein said medium is characterized in that it does notcomprise DMSO or an arabinogalactan; and (b) freezing said cells,thereby obtaining a frozen composition comprising said cells and saidcryopreservation medium.

The methods envisaged herein are envisaged to be of particular use inthe cryopreservation of stem cells which are multipotent cells. Inparticular embodiments, the stem cells and/or progenitor cells whereinsaid multipotent cells are adult stem cells selected from the groupconsisting of bone marrow stem cells, skin stem cells, ocular stemcells, neural stem cells and cardiac stem cells. In particularembodiments of the method the cryopreservation medium comprises between1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % of sucrose. In particular embodiments of themethod, the cryopreservation medium (and the frozen composition) doesnot comprise serum. In particular embodiments of the method, thecryopreservation medium (and the frozen composition) further comprisesserum albumin and/or hyaluronic acid.

In particular embodiments of the methods envisaged herein, step (a)comprises the addition of between 0.5 mL and 5 mL of said freezingmedium per 1 million of said stem cells and/or progenitor cells.

In particular embodiments the methods envisaged herein further comprisethe step of (c) thawing said frozen composition.

The application further provides a frozen medium comprising multipotentadult stem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof, and a cryopreservationmedium; said cryopreservation medium not comprising DMSO or anarabinogalactan and comprising between 2 v/v % and 25 v/v % of propyleneglycol and between 0.01 M and 1.0 M of a sugar.

In particular embodiments, the cryopreservation media envisaged hereinhave a low toxicity. The cryopreservation media and methods for usingthem described herein ensure high viability of the stem cells and/orprogenitor cells thereof after thawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description of the figures of specific embodiments of theinvention is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit thepresent teachings, their application or uses.

FIG. 1 Comparison of TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition in CT5.3-hTERTcells, showing the results for cells cryopreserved in PCM for 1 week,cells cryopreserved in DMSO/FBS for 1 week, and control cells.

FIG. 2 Effect of TGF-β on α-SMA expression in CT5.3-hTERT cells.

FIG. 3 Effect of TGF-β on α-SMA expression in CT5.3-hTERT cells,cryopreserved in PCM and DMSO/FBS, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While potentially serving as a guide for understanding, any referencesigns in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scopethereof.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include bothsingular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise.

The terms “comprising”, “comprises” and “comprised of” as used hereinare synonymous with “including”, “includes” or “containing”, “contains”,and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional,non-recited members, elements or method steps. The terms “comprising”,“comprises” and “comprised of” when referring to recited components,elements or method steps also include embodiments which “consist of”said recited components, elements or method steps.

Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in thedescription and in the claims, are used for distinguishing betweensimilar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential orchronological order, unless specified. It is to be understood that theterms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances andthat the embodiments described herein are capable of operation in othersequences than described or illustrated herein.

The values as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as aparameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant toencompass variations of +/−10% or less, preferably +/−5% or less, morepreferably +/−1% or less, and still more preferably +/−0.1% or less ofand from the specified value, insofar such variations are appropriate toensure one or more of the technical effects envisaged herein. It is tobe understood that each value as used herein is itself alsospecifically, and preferably, disclosed.

The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers andfractions subsumed within the respective ranges, as well as the recitedendpoints.

All documents cited in the present specification are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in disclosing the conceptsdescribed herein, including technical and scientific terms, have themeaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Bymeans of further guidance, definitions for the terms used in thedescription are included to better appreciate the teaching of thepresent disclosure.

The terms or definitions used herein are provided solely to aid in theunderstanding of the teachings provided herein.

The term “stem cell” as used herein refers to either pluripotent ormultipotent stem cells.

The term “pluripotent stem cell” as used herein refers to cells havingthe ability of self renewal and the potential to differentiate in anytype of cell.

The term “multipotent stem cell” as used herein refers to stem cellswhich have the ability of self renewal and have the potential todifferentiate into a limited number of cell types, typically within onecategory of cells such as blood cells (lymphocytes, monocytes,neutrophils), brain cells (neurons, glial cells etc.), bone cells(osteoblasts, osteoclasts etc)

The term “progenitor cell” as used herein refers to a stem cell which isable to differentiate into a certain type of cell and which has limitedor no ability to self-renew.

The term, “slow freezing method” as used herein refers to a set ofwell-established techniques wherein a cell-containing sample is cooledat a controlled rate before final cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen orthe like. Lethal intracellular freezing is avoided by cooling the cellsslow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cells duringprogressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. Preferably, the coolingrate is about −0.1° C./min to −10° C./min, more preferably between −0.2°C./min to −5° C./min, for example about 1° C. per minute. Slow-freezingis also known in the art as “Slow programmable freezing” and“Controlled-rate freezing”, as opposed to vitrification methods.

The term “vitrification” as used herein refers to cryopreservationtechniques wherein a sample is cooled at an extremely fast rate, e.g. bydirectly contacting the sample with liquid nitrogen, such that thesample is typically frozen within a few seconds. At such cooling ratethe sample medium vitrifies, i.e. it forms an amorphous “solid state”instead of crystallizing.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment envisaged herein. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in oneembodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout thisspecification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment,but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would beapparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one ormore embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described hereininclude some but not other features included in other embodiments,combinations of features of different embodiments are also envisagedherein, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by thosein the art. For example, in the appended claims, any of the features ofthe claimed embodiments can be used in any combination.

Composition

Provided herein are compositions which can be used as a cryopreservationmedium for the cryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitor cells.The term “cryopreservation medium” as used herein refers to a liquidmedium which can be used to treat the cells prior to freezing. Ittypically contains one or more cryoprotectants, which ensures theprotection of the cells or tissues from freezing damage.

The composition described herein comprises propylene glycol as acryoprotectant. Cryoprotectants can be permeating or non-permeating.Permeating cryoprotectants such as propylene glycol are able to permeatecell membranes.

The present inventors have found that the use of propylene glycol(1,2-propanediol) in the absence of DMSO is surprisingly suitable forthe cryopreservation of stem cells such as multipotent stem cells and/orprogenitor cells thereof.

Accordingly, the composition described herein does not comprise DMSO butcomprises propylene glycol, preferably in a concentration from about 4v/v % (volume/volume percent) to about 25 v/v %. Particularly goodresults can be obtained when using propylene glycol in a concentrationbetween 5 v/v % and 15 v/v %, for example about 11 v/v %.

The use of propylene glycol can allow for preparing cryopreservationmedia which are less toxic than conventional cryopreservation mediacomprising DMSO and ensure a high quality of cells after thawing.

The use of propylene glycol as a cryoprotectant has been found to besufficient to adequately protect stem cells against freezing damage.However, in particular embodiments. The composition described herein mayfurther comprise one or more cryoprotectants in addition to propyleneglycol. In particular embodiments, the composition comprises one or morepermeating cryoprotectants in addition to propylene glycol. In furtherembodiments, the composition may comprise ethylene glycol.

In certain embodiments, the composition comprises one or morenon-permeating cryoprotectants, i.e. substances which do not permeate acell membrane and protect a cell in freezing. Examples of suitablenon-permeating cryoprotectants include, but are not limited to, sucrose,dextran, trehalose, percoll, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,serum albumin, ficol, maltose, polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and the like. Inparticular embodiments, the composition does not comprise anarabinogalactan.

The present inventors have found that particularly good results wereobtained when the composition comprises between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % ofpropylene glycol, and between 1.0 w % and 10 w % of a sugar or a mixtureof sugars. Preferably, the sugar or sugars are selected from the listconsisting of sucrose, maltose, and trehalose.

In preferred embodiments, the composition comprises sucrose and/or serumalbumin. In further particular embodiments, the composition does notcomprise other permeating or non-permeating cryoprotectants. In certainembodiments, the composition comprises between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % ofsucrose, more particularly between 2 w/v % and 5 w/v % sucrose. Incertain embodiments, the composition comprises between 0.1 w/v %(weight/volume percent) and 5 w/v % of serum albumin, more particularlybetween 0.5 w/v % and 3 w/v %, for example about 1.5 w/v %. In preferredembodiments, the serum albumin in the present composition is humanand/or synthetic serum albumin.

In particular embodiments, the composition comprises propylene glycol,sucrose, and optionally serum albumin and/or hyaluronic acid. Thepresent inventors have found that the combination of propylene glycoland sucrose provides a further improved medium for the cryopreservationof stem cells and/or progenitor cells, such as but not limited tomultipotent stem cells. More particularly, the composition may comprise:

-   -   Between 4 v/v % and about 25 v/v % of propylene glycol; and    -   Between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % of sucrose; and    -   Optionally, between 0.1 w/v % and 5 w/v % serum albumin; and    -   Optionally, between 0.05 w/v % and 0.5 w/v % hyaluronic acid.

The compositions described herein can be used as a cryopreservationmedium without requiring the presence of serum in the composition.Therefore it can be ensured that the compositions do not pose atransmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) risk. This is particularlyrelevant if the cells to be frozen are to be used for clinical andtherapeutic applications. Moreover, the presence of xenogeneic seraduring cryopreservation can alter the expression profiles andcharacteristics of the cells.

Thus, in preferred embodiments, the composition does not comprise serum.More particularly, in certain embodiments, the composition does notcomprise any raw materials of direct human or animal origin, ormaterials that have been produced using materials of human or animalorigin.

The composition typically is provided as an aqueous solution of the oneor more cryoprotectants. More particularly, the cryoprotectants arepreferably dissolved in a balanced electrolyte solution, moreparticularly a saline solution. The skilled person will understand thata typical solution will have an appropriate concentration ofelectrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and/or chloride ions) tomaintain a normal osmolality. Suitable saline solutions for use incryopreservation are well known in the art. In particular embodiments,the saline solution is a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Inparticular embodiments, the composition comprises at least 70 w % of a(buffered) saline solution. In particular embodiments, the salinesolution comprises a mixture of two or more of the following so as toensure a buffering solution: Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride,Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Phosphate, Calcium Chloride, and SodiumBicarbonate. In further embodiments, the medium comprises, in additionto the components mentioned above, additional components such as energysubstrates. In particular embodiments, the medium consists of thecomponents recited above and does not contain further additives such asproteins. In particular embodiments, the cryoprotectant is dissolved inHuman Tubal Fluid (HTF) medium, which is a synthetic defined mediumspecifically developed for use as culture medium for early embryodevelopment and the processing of gametes. In particular embodiments,the composition described herein has a pH of between 6.9 and 7.5, morepreferably between 7.2 and 7.4. The solution preferably comprises one ormore buffers, for example a phosphate buffer.

Further provided herein is the use the present cryopreservation mediumfor the cryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitor cells. Acryopreservation method involving the use of the presentcryopreservation medium is described herein below.

Cryopreservation Method

Further provided herein is a method for the cryopreservation of stemcells and/or progenitor cells; or cultures and/or tissues comprisingsuch cells. Whereas conventional cryoprotectants such as DMSO are knownto be toxic to stem cells, the present methods envisages the use ofpropylene glycol, having a reduced toxicity. More particularly, thepresent methods comprise the steps of:

-   -   (a) contacting stem cells and/or progenitor cells with a        cryopreservation medium, wherein said cryopreservation medium is        a composition as described above; and    -   (b) freezing said stem cells and/or progenitor cells, thereby        obtaining a frozen cell composition.

This will be explained further herein below.

25 In a first step, the present method involves contacting the cellswith a cryopreservation medium as described above. Typically, thisinvolves adding the cryopreservation medium to the cells, and mixing thecells with the medium. More particularly, water is removed from thecells and is replaced by the medium comprising the cryoprotectant whichenters into the cell. Step (a) of the present method typically resultsin obtaining a (liquid) mixture of the cells in suspension in themedium. The stem cells and/or progenitor cells can be obtained bymethods known in the art.

The cells are typically provided in a container prior to contacting withthe cryopreservation medium. The term “container” as used herein refersto a storage system capable of holding a liquid. Suitable containers arewell known in the art. Typically, the container has a volume between 1mL and 50 mL, such as but not limited to tubes of 15 mL.

The methods described herein are of particular interest for thecryopreservation of cells which are not yet completely differentiated.In particular embodiments, the cells are multipotent stem cells, moreparticularly adult stem cells. In further particular embodiments, thecells are obtained from adult brain, bone marrow, blood vessels,skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, or other adult tissues.In particular embodiments, the cells are selected from the groupconsisting of endodermal, urogenital, mesodermal or ectodermal origin.

In further particular embodiments, the stem cells of endodermal originare pulmonary epithelial stem cells, gastrointestinal tract stem cells,pancreatic stem cells or hepatic oval cells and/or progenitor cellsthereof. In particular embodiments, the cells of urogenital origin areeither categorized as mammary and prostatic gland stem cells or ovarianand testicular stem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof. In particularembodiments, the cells of mesodermal origin are bone marrow cells,hematopoietic stem cells, stromal stem cells or cardiac stem cellsand/or progenitor cells thereof. In particular embodiments, the cells ofectodermal origin are neural stem cells, skin stem cells or ocular stemcells and/or progenitor cells thereof

In particular embodiments, the cells are not embryonic stem cells.

In preferred embodiments, between 0.5 mL and 5 mL of cryopreservationmedium is added per one million cells, for example about 1 mL permillion cells. However, it is envisaged that in certain embodiments,higher or lower amounts of cryopreservation medium can be used.

In certain embodiments, the cryopreservation medium may be added to thecells in step-wise increments of increasing concentration. This mayreduce the risk of cellular osmotic shock associated with single-stepaddition.

The temperature of the cryopreservation medium when added to the cellspreferably ranges from about 15° C. to 40° C. In certain embodiments,the temperature of the cryopreservation medium is about 37° C.

In preferred embodiments, the mixture of the cells and thecryopreservation medium is equilibrated prior to freezing the mixture.However, this incubation time must be limited to avoid damage to thecells. Thus, typically, the mixture is equilibrated for a time period ofbetween 10 seconds and 5 minutes, typically between 20 seconds and 1.5minutes, such as 30 seconds to 1 minute.

In a further step (b), the present method involves freezing of thecells. More particularly, the mixture comprising the cells istransferred to a freezing container, which is then transferred tosubzero temperature. Suitable containers include, but are not limited toMr. Frosty™ freezing containers from Thermo Scientific. Such containerstypically provide for the stacking of tubes and can ensure that, byplacing the container in a freezer, a fixed rate of cooling is achieved.

In preferred embodiments, the present method involves slow-freezing ofthe cells. Indeed, whereas cryopreservation is typically done via eitherslow-freezing or vitrification, these methods have differentrequirements regarding freezing solutions.

In particular embodiments, step (b) involves slow-freezing of the cells,wherein in a first step, the cells are cooled at a controlled rate to atemperature below −50° C., preferably below −70° C., more particularlyto a temperature between −70° C. and −100° C.; typically followed byfurther cooling of the cells, e.g. by transfer of the cells to liquidnitrogen (N₂). In particular embodiments, the controlled rate is acooling rate between −0.1° C./min and −10° C./min, preferably between−0.2° C./min to −5° C./min. In particular embodiments, the system isdesigned to achiever a rate of cooling of about 1° C./minute. Typically,the freezing container is put at a temperature of between −70° C. and−100° C., more particularly at −80° C. overnight to ensure slowfreezing. Thereafter, the container comprising the mixture of the cellsand the cryopreservation medium may be transferred to liquid nitrogen(N₂) at approximately −196° C.

The cells can remain in a cryogenic state for periods of days, weeks,months or years, for retrieval when the cells are required. Whenrequired, the cryopreserved cells are retrieved and thawed. Accordingly,in particular embodiments, the method described herein further comprisesthe step of (c) thawing the frozen composition, more particularly underconditions that maintain cell viability.

In particular embodiments, the container containing the cells can forinstance be thawed in a bath of water, at a temperature of maximum 42°C., preferably between 10° C. and 40° C., for example about 37° C.

To reduce the mechanical destruction of the cells and preserve thepost-thaw cell viability a thawing rate between about 10° C. and about40° C. per minute, preferably between about 20° C. and about 40° C. perminute and for instance approximately 30° C. per minute may be used.

The methods described herein may allow for the cryopreservation of stemcells and/or progenitor cells, wherein the cells maintain a goodviability after recovery. As used herein, the term “viability” refers tothe number of living cells based on the presence of DNA and an intactcell membrane system. The viability can be measured by any methods knownin the art and for instance using a Trypan blue internalization test orby measuring propidium iodide uptake. In particular embodiments, theviability of the recovered cells is at least 50%. In furtherembodiments, the viability of the recovered cells is at least 55%, atleast 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. In further particularembodiments, the methods envisaged herein ensure that the stem cellsand/or progenitor cells thereof display a limited amount of necrosis andapoptosis after thawing. In particular embodiments, necrosis and/orapoptosis is observed in less than 25% of the cells, more particularlyless than 15%, most particularly less than 10% of the cells. The methodsdescribed herein may further ensure that the cells maintain theirability to differentiate into the envisaged cell type. This can beestablished by the determination of expression of lineage-specificmarkers. For instance, functional characterization of the mesenchymalstem cells may include induction of adipogenic, osteogenic andchondrogenic differentiation in vitro using commercially availabledifferentiation kits and RT-PCR to detect lineage specific expression ofmRNA, indicative for adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenicdifferentiation potential. Similarly, the quality of theundifferentiated stem cells can be tested by isolation of mRNA andtesting on cell-specific markers. In particular embodiments, the abilityto differentiate into a cell of the specified lineage is maintained,i.e. does not significantly differ from unprocessed cells.

In particular embodiments, the present method further comprisesmonitoring the quality of the cells after thawing. Several controls canbe performed such as a sterility control, immunophenotypecharacterization, differentiation tests and an inspection of themorphology of the stem and/or progenitor cells.

In certain embodiments, the cells which are cryopreserved according tothe methods described herein may be used for therapeutic purposes, moreparticularly in regenerative medicine.

Further provided herein is a frozen medium obtainable using thecryopreservation method as described herein. More particularly, thefrozen medium comprises stem cells and/or progenitor cells, and acryopreservation medium as described above. In certain embodiments, thecryopreservation medium comprises between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % ofpropylene glycol; and between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % of sucrose.Preferably, the frozen medium is obtained by slow-freezing. Such mediumcan be distinguished from a frozen medium obtained by vitrification viathe crystalline nature of the frozen medium.

Examples

The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating thepresent invention and by no means are meant and in no way should beinterpreted to limit the scope of the present invention.

1. Cryopreservation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells 1.1 Cryopreservationof Stem Cells

Culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells were harvested andcentrifuged at 350×g for 5 minutes. Following removal of thesupernatant, the freezing medium as described in Table 1 was added at aratio of 1 mL for every 1 million cells. Aliquots of the mixture werepipetted into 1 mL cryovials, and immediately transferred to acontrolled-rate freezer with a cooling rate of 1° C./min. Followingovernight incubation, samples were stored in a liquid nitrogen tank for2 weeks up to 6 months before thawing.

TABLE 1 Cryopreservation medium 1,2-Propanediol 1.558M or 11.4% v/vSucrose 0.1M Human serum albumin 1.5% w/v PBS 82.6% v/v

Cryopreserved cells were rapidly thawed by immersing the vials in awater bath set at 37° C. Afterwards, the cells were diluted in thegrowth medium used for their primary expansion. Cells were cultureduntil the desired cell number was reached.

1.2 Post-Thaw Analysis

From the next passage onwards (P1), cell count and post-thaw cellviability analysis was performed at the end of each passage using a cellcounter. Population doubling time (PDT) during P1 was calculated by theequation PDT=(culture time*In2)/In (cell number_(harvested)/cellnumber_(seeded)).

Viability of cells frozen with our cryopreservation medium wascomparable to the viability of stem cells frozen with a DMSO containingmedium, which is considered to be the gold standard. All values werehigher than 80%. Also, post-thaw growth curve progression of cellscryopreserved in the two different media were comparable.

Functional characterization of the mesenchymal stem cells includedinduction of adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation invitro using commercially available differentiation kits. RT-PCR wasperformed to detect lineage specific expression of mRNA, indicative foradipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential.

To test for the effect of the cryopreservation process on theundifferentiated stem cells, mRNA of cell-specific markers was isolatedand analyzed using the same technique.

Cells frozen in our DMSO-free medium were still able to express thelineage-specific markers.

2. Cryopreservation of Fibroblasts

Immortalized CT5.3-hTERT colon cancer-associated fibroblasts have beenused to evaluate cellular function following cryopreservation with twodifferent cryopreservation media:

-   1) a 10:90 (% VN) mixture of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and fetal    bovine serum (FBS), as known in the art; and-   2) a propylene glycol-based DMSO-free cryopreservation medium as    described in Table 1 (hereafter referred to as “PCM”).

Cancer-associated myofibroblasts express specific markers, includingα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Several studies have demonstrated thatthe cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) significantlyincreases the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), see e.g.Desmoulière et al. (Journal of Cell Biology 1993, 122, 103-111) andHawinkels et al. (Oncogene 2014, 33, 97-107). Accordingly, α-SMAexpression and cell proliferation are good indicators to assess theinfluence of cryoprotectants on CT5.3-hTERT cell functioning.

2.1 Experimental Setup

Briefly, early passage cells were cultured in routine culture medium(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% FBS, antibioticsand an antifungal product) at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere with 5%CO₂. Semi-confluent cells were harvested by trypsinization and cellconcentration was assessed using the trypan blue exclusion method.

Cells were resuspended in both freezing media at a concentration of onemillion cells per ml and transferred to cryovials. In turn, an overnightfreezing step at −80° C. was performed using a Mr. Frosty™ container(available from Thermo Scientific), at a cooling rate of −1° C. perminute. Subsequently, the cryovials were transferred to liquid nitrogen.

The cells were thawed according to the standard protocol after 1 week (1week protocol) and after 1 month (1 month protocol). In short, cellswere removed from the liquid nitrogen and were transferred to a waterbath at 37° C. Upon completion of thawing, a prewarmed culture mediumwas added dropwise. Next, the cells were centrifuged and the culturemedium was replaced to remove traces of cryoprotectant. Finally, cellswere seeded in culture flasks (T150) and allowed to grow for at least 2passages in order to fully recover from the freeze/thaw cycle. Themedium was refreshed every 2 days during culturing.

For the assessment the influence of the cryoprotectants, three groups ofcells were used:

-   -   Cryopreserved cells using PCM medium;    -   Cryopreserved cells using DMSO/FBS medium; and    -   Cells cultured under routine culture (Control)

The cells of each group were treated with recombinant TGF-β (1 ng/ml)for 1 week. At the end of the experiment, cell concentration wasmeasured using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and an automated cellcounter (trypan blue exclusion), respectively. Afterwards, cells werelysed with a detergent-based lysis buffer supplemented withphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and other protease inhibitors.Protein content was assessed by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) test andconcentrations were normalized, thus allowing for equal protein load forWestern blot analysis. Expression of α-SMA was evaluated using amonoclonal HRP-coupled antibody, directed against this myofibroblastmarker. In parallel, α-tubulin expression levels served as a loadingcontrol.

2.2 Results 1 Week Protocol

In the control group, TGF-β was found to inhibit cell proliferation with79.84+/−4.43% (n=3). Similar results were obtained for cells, frozenwith either PCM (80.34+/−3.09%) or DMSO/FBS medium (79.86+/−9.78%) asshown in FIG. 1. Western Blot analysis revealed strong and comparableinduction of α-SMA expression following TGF-β treatment in all threegroups. An example of a Western blot is presented in FIG. 2 (controlcells treated with and without TGF-β).

1 Month Protocol

Growth inhibition and α-SMA expression was investigated in cells whichwere subjected to cryopreservation for 1 month. Although a somewhathigher reduction was observed for DMSO/FBS cells (88.38+/−0.03%), thePCM medium (81.38+/−8.19%) was found to yield identical growthinhibition as the control. Again, Western blot analysis confirmed stronginduction of α-SMA protein expression in all three groups. An example ofresults obtained for cells which treated with the two studiedcryoprotectants is shown in FIG. 3.

2.3 Conclusion

Experimental data from cell proliferation and Western blot studies havedemonstrated that propylene glycol-based media as described herein arean excellent substitute for DMSO-based cryopreservation media. Cellularfunctioning of an immortalized colon cancer cell line was not affectedby the type of cryopreservation medium or by the duration ofcryopreservation.

This demonstrates that immortalized cell lines can be cryopreservedunder serum-free conditions using a propylene glycol-basedcryopreservation medium as described herein. Importantly, the time offreezing does not interfere with cell functioning.

It is noted that further cryopreservation tests on (MSC)-hTERTmesenchymal stem cells using the above-mentioned DMSO/FBS and PCM alsoshow similar results for both cryopreservation media. Although TGF-β wasfound not to alter α-SMA expression, a 2-3 fold induction of cellproliferation was observed in all 3 groups (control, DMSO/FBS, and PCM).

1. A method for the cryopreservation of stem cells and/or progenitorcells thereof, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting said stem cellsand/or progenitor cells with a cryopreservation medium, saidcryopreservation medium comprising: between 4 v/v % and 25 v/v % ofpropylene glycol; and between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % of one or moresugars; wherein said medium is characterized in that it does notcomprise DMSO or an arabinogalactan; and (b) slow-freezing said cells,thereby obtaining a frozen composition comprising said cells and saidcryopreservation medium.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said stemcells are multipotent stem cells.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein saidstem cells and/or progenitor cells are adult stem cells selected fromthe group consisting of bone marrow stem cells, hematopoietic stemcells, skin stem cells, ocular stem cells, neural stem cells, andcardiac stem cells.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein saidcryopreservation medium comprises between 1.0 w % and 10 w % of one ormore sugars selected from the list consisting of sucrose, maltose, andtrehalose.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidcryopreservation medium comprises between 1.0 w/v % and 10 w/v % ofsucrose.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidcryopreservation medium does not comprise serum.
 7. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein said cryopreservation medium further comprises serumalbumin and/or hyaluronic acid.
 8. The method according to claim 1,wherein said slow-freezing involves putting said cells at a temperatureof between −70° C. and −100° C., followed by transfer to liquidnitrogen.
 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising thestep of (c) thawing said frozen composition.
 10. A frozen mediumcomprising multipotent adult stem cells and/or progenitor cells thereof,and a cryopreservation medium; said cryopreservation medium notcomprising DMSO or an arabinogalactan and comprising between 2 v/v % and25 v/v % of propylene glycol and between 0.01 M and 1.0 M of a sugar.11. The frozen medium according to claim 10, wherein said stem cells aremultipotent stem cells.
 12. The frozen medium according to claim 10,wherein said stem cells and/or progenitor cells are adult stem cellsselected from the group consisting of bone marrow stem cells,hematopoietic stem cells, skin stem cells, ocular stem cells, neuralstem cells, and cardiac stem cells.
 13. The frozen medium according toclaim 10, wherein said cryopreservation medium comprises between 1.0 w %and 10 w % of one or more sugars selected from the list consisting ofsucrose, maltose, and trehalose.
 14. The frozen medium according toclaim 10, wherein said cryopreservation medium comprises between 1.0 w/v% and 10 w/v % of sucrose.
 15. The frozen medium according to claim 10,wherein said composition does not comprise serum.
 16. The frozen mediumaccording to claim 10, wherein said composition further comprises serumalbumin and/or hyaluronic acid.